Six states plus D.C., on the other hand, tax low-income families at lower rates. In 35 states, low-income families are taxed at higher rates than everyone else despite having the least ability to pay.Similarly, 42 states tax the top 1 percent at a lower rate than the bottom 20 percent, while 46 states tax the top 1 percent less than the middle 60 percent of earners. Our analysis sorts taxpayers into seven income groups and finds that in most states the top group, representing the top 1 percent of earners, pays a lower rate than any other group. In 41 states, high-income families are taxed at lower rates than everyone else.The nationwide average effective state and local tax rate paid by residents to their home states is 11.4 percent for the lowest-income 20 percent of individuals and families, 10.5 percent for the middle 20 percent, and 7.2 percent for the top 1 percent. On average, the lowest-income 20 percent of taxpayers face a state and local tax rate nearly 60 percent higher than the top 1 percent of households. The lower one’s income, the higher one’s overall effective state and local tax rate.The absence of a graduated personal income tax in many states and a heavy reliance on consumption taxes contribute to this effect. This requires a much greater share of income from low- and middle-income families than from wealthy families. The vast majority of state and local tax systems are regressive, or upside-down.It includes state-by-state profiles that provide baseline data to help lawmakers and the public understand how current tax policies affect taxpayers at all income levels. No two state tax systems are the same this report provides detailed analyses of the features of every state tax code. This comprehensive 7th edition of the report assesses the progressivity and regressivity of state tax systems by measuring effective state and local tax rates paid by all income groups. Who Pays? is the only distributional analysis of tax systems in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. State-by-State Data and ITEP Tax Inequality Index Map Executive Summary
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